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Introduction
Technologists never evangelize without a disclaimer: "Technology is just an enabler." True enough - and the disclaimer discloses part of the problem: enabling what? One flaw in knowledge management is that it often neglects to ask what knowledge to manage and toward what end. Knowledge management activities are all over the map: building databases, measuring intellectual capital, establishing corporate libraries, building intranets, sharing best practices, installing groupware, leading training programs, leading cultural change, fostering collaboration, creating virtual organizations - all of these are knowledge management, and every functional and staff leader can lay claim to it. But no one claims the big question: why?

CONTENT


Introduction


What is knowledge management?

Knowledge management: a cross-disciplinary domain

KM roles and organizational structure


Knowledge capture stages

KM roles and organizational structure

Why we need knowledge management now

Conclusion

References

What is knowledge management?
Knowledge management is hard to define precisely and simply. (The definition also leapfrogs the task of defining "knowledge" itself. We’ll get to that later.) That’s not surprising. How would a nurse or doctor define "health care" succinctly? How would a CEO describe "management"? How would a CFO describe "compensation"? Each of those domains is complex, with many sub-areas of specialization. Nevertheless, we know "health care" and "management" when we see them, and we understand the major goals and activities of those domains.
Knowledge management may refer to the ways organizations gather. Man age and use the knowledge that they acquire.

The term also designates an approach to improving organizational outcomes and organization learning by introducing into an organization a range of specific processes and practices for identifying and capturing knowledge. Know-how.

Expertise and other intellectual capital. And for making such knowledge assets available for transfer and reuse across the organization.

Knowledge management programs are typically tied to specific organizational objective and are intended to lead to the achievement of specific targeted results such as improved performance. Competitive advantage or higher levels of innovation

While knowledge transfer has always existed in one form or another. For example through on-the-job discussions with peers. Formally through apprenticeship. Professional training and mentoring programs. And- since the late twentieth century –technologically through knowledge base. Expert systems. And other knowledge repositories. KM programs seek to consciously evaluate and manage the process of accumulation and application of intellectual capital. KM has therefore brought together various strands of though and practice relating to:
- intellectual capital and the knowledge worker in the knowledge worker in the knowledge economy
- the idea of the learning organization
- various enabling organizational practices such as communities of practice and corporate yellow page directories for accessing key personnel and expertise.
- And various enabling technologies such as knowledge bases and expert systems. Help desk. Corporate intranets and extranets. Content management. Wikis , and document management.
While knowledge management programs are closely related to organizational learning initiatives. Knowledge management may be differentiated from organizational learning by its greater focus on the management of specific knowledge assets.

The rise of KM has seen an increasing understanding of the relevance of the distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge. Sophisticated perspectives on the management. Assessment and use of intellectual capital. And the emergence of new organizational roles and responsibilities such as position of Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO).

Knowledge management: a cross-disciplinary domain

Knowledge management draws from a wide range of disciplines and technologies.
o Cognitive science. Insights from how we learn and know will certainly improve tools and techniques for gathering and transferring knowledge.
o Expert systems, artificial intelligence and knowledge base management systems (KBMS). AI and related technologies have acquired an undeserved reputation of having failed to meet their own — and the marketplace’s — high expectations. In fact, these technologies continue to be applied widely, and the lessons practitioners have learned are directly applicable to knowledge management.
o Computer-supported collaborative work (groupware). In Europe, knowledge management is almost synonymous with groupware … and therefore with Lotus Notes. Sharing and collaboration are clearly vital to organizational knowledge management — with or without supporting technology.
o Library and information science. We take it for granted that card catalogs in libraries will help us find the right book when we need it. The body of research and practice in classification and knowledge organization that makes libraries work will be even more vital as we are inundated by information in business. Tools for thesaurus construction and controlled vocabularies are already helping us manage knowledge.
o Technical writing. Also under-appreciated — even sneered at — as a professional activity, technical writing (often referred to by its practitioners as technical communication) forms a body of theory and practice that is directly relevant to effective representation and transfer of knowledge.
o Document management. Originally concerned primarily with managing the accessibility of images, document management has moved on to making content accessible and re-usable at the component level. Early recognition of the need to associate "metainformation" with each document object prefigures document management technology’s growing role in knowledge management activities.
o Decision support systems. According to Daniel J. Power, "Researchers working on Decision Support Systems have brought together insights from the fields of cognitive sciences, management sciences, computer sciences, operations research, and systems engineering in order to produce both computerised artifacts for helping knowledge workers in their performance of cognitive tasks, and to integrate such artifacts within the decision-making processes of modern organisations." [See Powers’ DSS Research Resources Home page.] That already sounds a lot like knowledge management, but in practice the emphasis has been on quantitative analysis rather than qualitative analysis, and on tools for managers rather than everyone in the organization.
o Semantic networks. Semantic networks are formed from ideas and typed relationships among them — sort of "hypertext without the content," but with far more systematic structure according to meaning. Often applied in such arcane tasks as textual analysis, semantic nets are now in use in mainstream professional applications, including medicine, to represent domain knowledge in an explicit way that can be shared.
o Relational and object databases. Although relational databases are currently used primarily as tools for managing "structured" data — and object-oriented databases are considered more appropriate for "unstructured" content — we have only begun to apply the models on which they are founded to representing and managing knowledge resources.
o Simulation. Knowledge Management expert Karl-Erik Sveiby suggests "simulation" as a component technology of knowledge management, referring to "computer simulations, manual simulations as well as role plays and micro arenas for testing out skills." (Source: Email from Karl-Erik Sveiby, July 29, 1996 )
o Organizational science. The science of managing organizations increasingly deals with the need to manage knowledge — often explicitly. It’s not a surprise that the American Management Association’s APQC has sponsored major knowledge management events.
That’s only a partial list. Other technologies include: object-oriented information modeling; electronic publishing technology, hypertext, and the World Wide Web; help-desk technology; full-text search and retrieval; and performance support systems.


Knowledge capture stages

Knowledge may be accessed, or captured, at three stages: before, during, or after knowledge-related activites.
For example, individuals undertaking a new project for an organization might access KM resources to learn best practices and lessons learned for similar projects undertaken previously, access the KM network again during the project, implementation to seek advice on issue encountered, and access the system afterwards for advice on after-project actions and reviews activities.
Similarly, knowledge may be captured and recorded into the system before the project implementation, for example as the project team learns information and lessons during the initial project analysis. Similarly, lessons learned during the project operation may be entered into the KM system, and after-action reviews may lead to further insights and lessons being recorded in the KM system for future access.
Drivers of KM


KM roles and organizational structure

Knowledge Management activities may be centralized in a Knowledge Management Office or responsibility for knowledge management may be located in existing departmental functions, such as the HR or IT departments.
However, many of the more successful Knowledge Management initiatives have begun in more limited, tactical areas such as customer or end user support, where metrics for success are easily quantifiable.
Organizations committed to knowledge management on an ongoing basis may create a specific position such as a chief Knowledge Officer (CKO) or similar, or assign responsibilities for management of a knowledge management program to a specific relevant organizational department.
KM lexicon


KM professionals may use a specific lexicon in order to articulate and discuss the various issues arising in Knowledge Management. For example, terms such as intellectual capital, metric, and tacit vs. explicit knowledge typically form an indispensable part of the KM professional’s vocabulary.


Why we need knowledge management now

Why do we need to manage knowledge? Ann Macintosh of the Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (University of Edinburgh) has written a "Position Paper on Knowledge Asset Management" that identifies some of the specific business factors, including:
o Marketplaces are increasingly competitive and the rate of innovation is rising.
o Reductions in staffing create a need to replace informal knowledge with formal methods.
o Competitive pressures reduce the size of the work force that holds valuable business knowledge.
o The amount of time available to experience and acquire knowledge has diminished.
o Early retirements and increasing mobility of the work force lead to loss of knowledge.
o There is a need to manage increasing complexity as small operating companies are trans-national sourcing operations.
o Changes in strategic direction may result in the loss of knowledge in a specific area.
To these paraphrases of Ms. Macintosh’s observations we would add:
o Most of our work is information based.
o Organizations compete on the basis of knowledge.
o Products and services are increasingly complex, endowing them with a significant information component.
o The need for life-long learning is an inescapable reality.
In brief, knowledge and information have become the medium in which business problems occur. As a result, managing knowledge represents the primary opportunity for achieving substantial savings, significant improvements in human performance, and competitive advantage.
It’s not just a Fortune 500 business problem. Small companies need formal approaches to knowledge management even more, because they don’t have the market leverage, inertia, and resources that big companies do. They have to be much more flexible, more responsive, and more "right" (make better decisions) — because even small mistakes can be fatal to them.


Conclusion

This article opened with the observation that although KM activities are "all over the map" in terms of technology implementations, however, no one has asked the "big question": why? Despite diverse propositions about "getting the right information to the right person at the right time," almost everyone neglects to ask what knowledge to manage and toward what end. A review of the industry case studies of companies characterized in the recent years as RTE business enterprises surfaced some interesting insights. Recent industry analyses that have demonstrated inverse correlations between IT investments and business performance provided some motivation for these analyses. Additional impetus was provided by the contrast between the hype about "RTE technologies" propagated by some IT analysts and our in-depth analysis of companies that achieved success as RTE benchmarks. To some extent the search for the "next big thing" and the "killer application" is to blame for its narrow focus on IT and innovation as ends rather than means for achieving sustainable business.

References

Kraemer, K., 2001, "The productivity paradox: is it resolved? Is there a new one? What does it all mean for managers?", working paper, Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA.
LeClaire, J., Cooper, L., 2000, "Rapid-Fire IT Infrastructure", Information Week, January 31, available at: www.informationweek.com/771/infrastruct.htm.
Levitt, J., 2001, "Plug-and-play redefined", Information Week, April 2, available at: www.informationweek.com/831/web.htm.
Lindorff, D., 2002, "GE's drive to real-time measurement", CIO Insight, November 11, available at: www.cioinsight.com/article2/0,3959,686147,00.asp.
Lindquist, C., 2003, "What time is real time?", CIO Magazine, February 10, available at: www.cio.com/online/techtact_021003.html.
Malhotra, Y., 1993, "Role of information technology in managing organizational change and organizational interdependence", BRINT Institute, LLC, New York, NY, available at: www.brint.com/papers/change/.
Malhotra, Y., 1995, "IS productivity and outsourcing policy: a conceptual framework and empirical analysis", Proceedings of Inaugural Americas Conference on Information Systems (Managerial Papers), Pittsburgh, PA, August 25-27, available at: www.brint.com/papers/outsourc/.
Malhotra, Y., 1996, "Enterprise architecture: an overview", BRINT Institute, LLC, New York, NY, available at: www.brint.com/papers/enterarch.htm.
www.lib.ru.ac.th/knowledge/pcweb/mis.html
www.iorg.com/paper/knowledge.html
www.brint.org/whykmsfail.htm

my

work out
Tan-kuai-salak tradition

The TAN KUAISALAK religious ceremony usually organizes in around august, September and October but it’s most popular in September. Because they beliefs in the September is a lack month, and the price of foods or many thing of consume are going to expensive such as foods, water, rice, and etc. that’s why people think about this month is a lack month. And they usually organize it in a middle of Buddhist Lent(kao-pan-sa) (E.g. people who have a lots of paddy in a rice storage-house they will divide the rice for 2 between old rice and new rice after that they will keep the new rice and sale the old rice. Well, this time that makes them reminding to their parents who passed away, Then they thought about their parent in paradise (heavens) they thought that their parents in other world might lack of food, or anything, then the people they decided to organize TAN KUAI SALAK to dedicate for their parents, pets or persons with previous deeds on each other.

Tan-kuai-salak tradition means like the sign of dedicating, people they provide the food or many consume for dedicating such as dried food and rice for monk, and after that they prepare and set every thing to ready for TA-KUAI SALAK days. Of course! The things they will dedicate. They called “KUAI” but KUAI is not specific for monk who will get it but it depends on the label “they called it Salak”.
On TAN KUAI SALAK days they will combine Salak together and then the monk will take it and go around all booths, the monk and temple boy or normal people will walk around to find that booths and read letters in SALAK. (Just only the monk who will read and it’s not be allow normal person to read it)The salak is specific for KUAI SALAK. But they wouldn’t know about the label or salak before what KUAI they will get from the salak. Because when they (read in the label people who prepare the Kuai to the monk.
And the most important for the villages they will come to the temple and find out a agreement about what day they day will organize the ceremony, when they got result they will find the temple for organize it, first they will find the most important temple. And to provide the ceremony they will have 2 days, for the first day they called “wan-da” it means the day before ceremony day this day is about the day to prepare KUAI or the things to dedicate and another day they called “wan tan” it mean the ceremony day!!
In wan-da or before the ceremony day, they will provide KUAI or think that they will dedicate, it depends on their beliefs and how much that they can afford.

For relatives they will come to do some things together and join donating and the four necessities of a Buddhist monk: food, raiment, abode and medicine for giving alms or charity for their relatives.





Most important Material of TAN-KUAI-SALAK Consist of

“TON SALAK” is the offering given as alms, they provide and make it is a bush. They set it around the wishing tree (ton-dok-koon) or around TON-SALAK.
KUAI-salak was classify into 3 type of KUAI

Big, medium and small

1 The big one they called “KUAI-JOK”
2. The medium one they called “KUAI-SUM-RAB”
3. The small one they called “KUAI-SUNG” is a basket made of bamboo
And the extra basket they called “SALAK-YOUM”

KUAI-JOK

Is the offering given as alms make as exquisite or fantastic and it’s very big and it usually decorated with flowers. Perhaps, they build it likes a castle, a boat, a horse, or cattle.
Inside they put appliances and about consume, and KUAI-JOK people they put much money than other one (KUAI). About SALAK-YOUM is women’s KUAI-SALAK. It’s a special HUAI-SALAK they put more things such as a mirror, a comb, a powder, handkerchief and etc.
When they put all about a women utensil and then they will raise an umbrella and hang it on the top of umbrella, because they beliefs about when they married they will happy with their lives

KUAI-SUM-RAB

they use a medium size basket for a container like package, wicker basket, basin or bucket and put appliances and foods and they will put money less than KUAI-JOK


KUAI-SUNG
made of is a basket make of bamboo is transparent then they wrap it with banana leaf but now, they use paper instead of banana leaf.
They put cooked rice, rice and prepare foods, mostly they usually put dried foods.
Such as KAB-MOOH (fried pig’s skink), preserved pork (pork, shredded and salted, bound tightly with banana leaves, and eaten slightly fermented), chili, salt, shallot, garlic, tobacco and Any Dessert and fruit such as pommel, banana, sugar cane, sugar, coconut but for HUAI SUNG is less a space, it can not put a lots of thing. But for KUAI JOK and KUAI SUM RAB, people might put lots of thing and these KUAIs they make for dedicate to their relative or parent who passed away

In the words that they call “HOM POI” it means people they would come to join with person (their relative who has “TON SALAK”) they bring HUAI SALAK and put it all together.
When they come to join the person they bring a thing and many beautiful flowers to decorate, and the owner’s ton-salak they will take care people who come to join them like serve foods, water. And they dessert to serve the joiner
Decorating TON-SALAK it takes so long times maybe whole day. Because in the past
People can’t buy a readymade on, just only it by themselves but nowadays!! It becomes so easy to buy that. Amount of KUAI SALAK in the past they would have about 10 KHAIs up. Because they must bring to offer Buddha, Buddha's teaching, Buddha's relics, abbot and liaison (ma-ka-ta-yok)
And all 5 huais don’t have a salak (not label) just give to them only
And another KUAIs they would have labels (SALAK) to specific that which one that they want to dedicate to’ such as for their parents, pets or persons with previous deeds on each other. KUAI SUM RAB they will prepare for their family 1 per each person.

KUAI SUM RAB,
People usually provide for their parent who passed a way. They beliefs about their parent will have food in the future right there.

“TON SLASALK”




If which families who have a son they will set the tree have trident and the middle of trident is longer than both side. In the middle of trident they will stab some match and some money and at the both side they will hang with cigarette. But some region people do like other things (kind of ceremony like the same) they create a new design and TON-SALAK they build it like a phoenix and inside the mouth’s phoenix they put some money inside it and the phoenix they set it on the top of Ton Salak. That so fantastic

SALAK
Salak is the thing that they write the letter on it, they write their name and person name (their relative that they want dedicate to, include they also write the word or sentence to respect to their relative (who passed away) the word more like faithfully words or delicately words.

Salak in the past, people they used to use a Helostoma temminckii (Helostomidae) a palm leaf (leaf of sugar palm tree ) and a dried palm leaf ,then, they take it and trim it or adjusts for due to look,
Width: 3-4 cm.
Length: 40-50 cm.
And cut the edge of each end and make it a triangle, and then, they dry out it. After that they will take it and write down something that they want with character in north’s language.

They will be finish setting up ton-salak tree at noon. At night they will bring brother, sister and relative to see the ton-Salak tree again. Only ton-Salak tree ladies cannot make it finish at noon but they will finish at late evening. When the guys are finish of what they doing, they will help the ladies doing the Ton-Salak tree at late evening. At that time both men and women will talk to each other. They called this word (Au-sao) it means that guys teasing ladies. Only the guys who have been bless by the monks, they can write character in the north’s language. The adults will ask the bless males to write the characters into the Salak. In the past, they wrote the north’s character in their names with dedicate word in Salak.
They will write dedicate word into salak because this is the old ceremony that been with us for a long time.
The words and the sentences in salak it most likes the same every region. Such as

“Ei-me-na sak-ka-ta put-ta-tha-nung sub-pa-rok-ka ta-nung pa-ri-va sub-tao-ta-pi-ku-huh-ta-nung” “อิมินา สลากภตฺตทานํ สพฺพรุกฺขทานํ สพฺพปริวารทานํ ภณฺฑโอทานภิกฺขหารทานํ ” they wish their relative to have a good life.


When a real day or TA-HUAI-SALAK day is begin, in early morning people wake up early maybe 5 am in the morning to prepare something for ready and cook foods and prepare it to give food offering to a Buddhist monk, and give offering to image of Buddha on the shelf, so after that they will pack a cooked rice and dries foods they put them into each HUAI.
When they Finished breakfast and they will a take a bath and dress their salvers with a nice shirt and colorful, and especially with the teenagers they will dress their selves so colorful by a nice design shirt (like flower and picture or colorful shirt)
Because, normally if it doesn’t have any festival people they won’t dress their selves so colorful because some villager might gossip them, then when it has a festival people so excited and they will dress their selves to show off with a nice shirt. And after that they will bring TON-SALAK and HAUI SALAK and set it in area around temple, then they will bring SALAKs and pile them in front of principle Buddha image in a temple. monk will perform a ceremony but for 5 HUAIs that don’t have salak to specific huai they will give it for offer Buddha, Buddha's teaching, Buddha's relics, abbot and liaison (ma-ka-ta-yok)

“KA-TOP-NOI” or a little house
Among when people go to the temple, the sideways children they help together to set a little house it is a superficial little house, it usually build by bamboo, and it looks like a shrine

Width: 50 centimeters
Length: 1 meter
Height: 1 meter

When people see it they might put a sweets and kind of Thai sweetmeat inside that house. And after that children will be at the little house (KA-TOP-NOI) and then they will share the sweets to each other.
In cause, when Buddhist monks and novices was invited to join other temple (because people they just organize the ceremony only some temple, not every temple)
And there is one woman they called “MAA-HAR” each tambon they will prepare KUAI for Buddhist monks and novices.
Actually MAA-HAR would the monks write letter in into salak for them because they beliefs if monks write the salak that will give a merit to their parent as fast as possible and they think that will give them a bid merit
In the HUAI SALAK day the novices so excited for get the HUAI they want to get HUAI JOK they pray for a good luck.
The TAN HUAI SALAK it organizes every years and when Tan Kuai salak day began, many beggar will come in the temple and ask for foods and KUAI, then the committee will take them to sit around cathedral, then if some people mercy or pity them they will food to them, and especially for the teenager will give rice for the bagger and they wish to have rice for eating all their lives

SOON-SEN

When all villages bring salak to combine all together then committee they will SOON-SALAK (put the salak all together) and everyone stand and watch the salak, after that they will go to next ceremony rite.

KAN-SEN (call name of salak)

Bringing the kuai to find a salak, people they beliefs bring kuai will be easily ways to give merit to their parents, but mostly they still do like before is stay at the booth and wait for monk come up at the booth and read on salak for them. But bringing kuai to find the salak, the novices they will wait around church and village they will bring kuai to find their salak, and this is the chance for the man and women they will talk to each other with the person they like or flirt.

TIME
Time for start Finding the salak and the time to end, it start around 11:00-11.30 am but some place or some region they might doing it for a whole day around 10:30-4:30 pm it depend on population that region, and for the novices when they got the huai they will break it out and eat food inside kuai, but these day, people concern about this, they think about novices act like this isn’t polite then people they just threw monk and novices to have food before noon.
For temple that organize TAN HUAI SALAK ceremony, when monk and novice form another temple go back to their temple, in this temple will re-find SALAK again. It will fun again because they must to find their own salak.


GOD SALAK (salak tavada)
Some region they called (salak ber) it means the number of Salaks is like a small ceremony in some group or some village, not need to join with relative, can do it with one family and join in their village, so it means, they only in their region, don’t go to another TAM BON, just only their TAM BON , and people will invite only monk and novices in their region to join, the village they will collect KUAIs and put them together and they will separate into a small pile and set for enough to all monk and novices of that temple and they will separate one pile for offer sacrifice the image of Buddha, one offer sacrifice for Buddha's teaching, one for Buddha's relics and liaison, but for the Monks and Novices people will put number to specify for HUAI, it starts for 1 until enough for all of the monks and novices then they will write the number again and put in a small paper and roll it after that they put it into monk's alms-bowl and give the novice and the monk draw in monk's alms-bowl, same like lucky draw, one monk per one number, if monk get which number people will offer them with that pile.


This is benefit and the value of TAN-KUAI-SLAK

It’s the way for making a unity of the group and village, it also for another village

It’s the way to express gratitude to their parents and relative who passed way but still keep respect it them

It’s donating, people beliefs it will gives a big merit

It’s the ways to find the money to repair, to restore and fix something in the temple.

Aerosmith-I don't want to miss a thing

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